Epidemiology Paper
Resources To use:
Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for public health practice (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
Chapter 10, “Data Interpretation Issues”
Chapter 15, “Social, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Epidemiology”
Appendix A – Guide to the Critical Appraisal of an Epidemiologic/Public Health Research Article
In Chapter 10, the authors describe issues related to data interpretation and address the main types of research errors that need to be considered when conducting epidemiologic research, as well as when analyzing published results. It also presents techniques for reducing bias. Chapter 15 features psychosocial, behavioral, and social epidemiology. Appendix A includes criteria to consider when reading an empirical journal article.
Elliott, A. M., Smith, B. H., Penny, K., Smith, W. C., & Chambers, W. A. (1999). The epidemiology of chronic pain in the community. The Lancet, 354(9186), 1248–1252.
This article describes an early epidemiologic study on chronic pain. Carefully review this article noting the structure of the research design, assessment and data collection, and analysis strategies. You will refer to this article for Discussion 2.
Oppenheimer, G. M. (2010). Framingham Heart Study: The first 20 years. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 53(1), 55–61.
The Framingham Heart Study is a landmark epidemiologic study that began in the 1940s. The author of this article reviews the history of the Framingham Heart Study and its contribution to population health. As you read this article, consider any sources of bias or potential conflict of interest. You will refer to this article for Discussion 2.
Phillips, C. V., & Goodman, K. J. (2004). The missed lessons of Sir Austin Bradford Hill. Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations, 1(3). Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1742-5573/1/3
In 1965, Austin Bradford Hill worked on a paper that has become a standard in public health and epidemiologic study about how to make decisions based on epidemiologic evidence. Hill put forth strategies for inferring causation and stressed the need for considering costs and benefits when planning health-promoting interventions. Review this article, which examines how Hill’s strategies are often misused or misinterpreted.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). CDC health disparities and inequalities report—United States, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Supplement, (60), 1–114. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/other/su6001.pdf. [Read pages 11–32]
 
This report consolidates national data on disparities in mortality, morbidity, behavioral risk factors, health care access, preventive health services, and social determinants of critical health problems in the United States by using selected indicators. The required section of reading introduces the social determinants of health and environmental hazards.
World Health Organization. (2011). Social determinants of health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/
According to the World Health Organization, “The social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities—the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries.” This article presents an introduction to social determinants of health.
World Health Organization. (2011). Social determinants of health: Key concepts. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalreport/key_concepts/en/index.html
This article outlines key concepts related to the social determinants of health.
Healthy People 2020. (2011). Social determinants of health. Retrieved from http://healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=39
This website presents an overview of the social determinants of health and addresses how the information relates to Healthy People 2020.
UCL Institute of Health Equity. (2018). ‘Fair society healthy lives’ (The Marmot Review). Retrieved from http://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources-reports/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review
Discussion 1: Psychosocial Factors in Health
 
Although the United States spends more money per capita on health care delivery, statistics indicate it is not a particularly healthy country. Over 50% of all preventable deaths in the United States are a result of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors (AACN, 2006). As epidemiologists explore essential questions such as how stressful life events and behavioral choices may influence an individual’s health, society wrestles with the distinction of what is actually within the control of an individual, and therefore relates to a personal responsibility for promoting well being, versus how larger-scale efforts can modulate psychosocial risk factors that result in population health problems.
In this Discussion, you will consider the connection between psychosocial risk factors and health outcomes. As you review the research literature, consider how you have come across this issue in your professional practice. As a nurse leader, what opportunities do you have to apply the information presented this week to promote improvements in population health status?
 
To prepare:
Review the Learning Resources, focusing on the influence of psychosocial factors on health and disease.
Locate at least two examples from the research literature of how these factors influence health. If necessary, conduct additional research using the Walden Library and credible websites.
Examine strategies currently being employed to address these factors, including health promotion and disease prevention efforts.
Ask yourself: How are these strategies designed to improve population health status?
By Day 3
Post a cohesive scholarly response that addresses the following:
Provide a brief summary of each example, including the influence of psychosocial factors on health and disease as discussed in the research literature. Cite your sources.
What strategies are currently being used to address these factors? Support your response with examples from the literature.
Knowing that there are psychosocial factors that influence acute and chronic diseases, what is the role of the nurse in probing for that information or in larger initiatives?
3 References is Good!!
Rubric Detail
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Content
 
Excellent
Discussion post minimum requirements:
*The original posting must be completed by Wednesday, Day 3, at 10:59pm MST. Two response postings to two different peer original posts, on two different days, are required by Saturday, Day 6, at 11:59pm MST. Faculty member inquiries require responses, which are not included in the minimum number of posts. Your Discussion Board postings should be written in standard edited English and follow APA style for format and grammar as closely as possible given the constraints of the online platform. Be sure to support the postings with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources as well as resources available through the Walden University online databases. Refer to the Essential Guide to APA Style for Walden Students to ensure your in-text citations and reference list are correct.
Points Range:
8 (26.67%) – 8 (26.67%)
Discussion postings and responses exceed the requirements of the Discussion instructions. They: Respond to the question being asked or the prompt provided; – Go beyond what is required in some meaningful way (e.g., the post contributes a new dimension, unearths something unanticipated); -Are substantive, reflective, with critical analysis and synthesis representative of knowledge gained from the course readings and current credible evidence. – Demonstrate significant ability to generalize and extend thinking and evaluate theories or concepts within the topic or context of the discussion. -Demonstrate that the student has read, viewed, and considered the Learning -Resources as well as additional resources and has read, viewed, or considered a sampling of colleagues’ postings; -Exceed the minimum requirements for discussion posts*.
Points Range:
8 (26.67%) – 8 (26.67%)
Discussion postings and responses: -demonstrate in-depth understanding and application of concepts and issues presented in the course (e.g., insightful interpretations including analysis, synthesis and/or evaluation of topic; – are well supported by pertinent research/evidence from a variety of and multiple peer- reviewed books and journals, where appropriate; -Demonstrate significant mastery and thoughtful/accurate application of content, applicable skills or strategies presented in the course.
Points Range:
8 (26.67%) – 8 (26.67%)
Discussion postings and responses significantly contribute to the quality of the discussion/interaction and thinking and learning by: -providing Rich and relevant examples; discerning and thought-provoking ideas; and stimulating thoughts and probes; – -demonstrating original thinking, new perspectives, and extensive synthesis of ideas supported by the literature.
6 (20%) – 6 (20%)
Discussion postings and responses exceed doctoral -level writing expectations. They: · Use grammar and syntax that is clear, concise, and appropriate to doctoral level writing; · Make few if any errors in spelling, grammar, and syntax; · Use original language and refrain from directly quoting original source materials; -provide correct APA · Are positive, courteous, and respectful when offering suggestions, constructive feedback, or opposing viewpoints.
 
Total Points: 30
Name: NURS_8310_ Week6 part 1_Discussion_Rubric

Based on your readings and experience,
1. What are potential barriers to implementing
community health plans. List at least 2 potential barriers.
2. Discuss ways of addressing those
barriers?
Paper should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited (all work used must be cited) in current
APA style with support from at least 2 peer review academic sources not older than 5 year

Community Needs Assessment Paper 
Write a community needs assessment on (XX County, YY State) of the following:
Findings: Secondary Data
• Secondary Data Analysis
Population Characteristics
• Age and Gender
• Race and Ethnicity
• 2020 Population Growth Projections
• Household Composition

Instructions
Write a 4–6 page report that analyzes how two highly ranked countries manage a specific
disease and use that analysis to develop best practices for a health alliance organization.
Preparation
This assessment assumes the perspective of population health, by analyzing how two highly
ranked countries deal with a disease, and extrapolating best practices from that analysis. Explore
the Internet for examples and templates of reports. Review the links in the Resources for
information about population health and risk-based contracting.
Required
Assume the role in the scenario below:
Scenario: You are a new graduate working as an executive assistant for the chief operations
officer (COO) of a health care alliance partnership. This organization operates across multiple
countries and is considering entering into risk-based contracting. You have been assigned to
research and recommend best practices for management of a disease, which can be applied
across countries.
• Use the disease state or health issue you identified in the previous assessment or choose
another one (for example, hip replacement) as the basis for this assessment.
• Identify two countries with superior performance indicators for managing the disease or health
issue.
Write a 4–5-page report for your organization. Use tables or charts as needed to succinctly
convey information. Organize your report as follows:
Performance Indicators
• Appraise current performance indicators and outcome measures for delivery, quality,
affordability, and accessibility.
o Compare key performance indicators for management of a disease among countries. (A chart
or table could be created for this information.)
o Costs: Compare the disease or diagnosis cost information for each country against the Center
for Medicaid and Medicare (CMS) case rate for the disease or diagnosis.
Best Practices
• Recommend best practices for disease management that can be applied across countries.
o Explain how best practices were selected.
o Which country is superior in each category?
Organizational Implications
• Evaluate the implications of implementing recommended best practices for the organization for
delivery, quality, affordability, and accessibility. Consider:
o Cost.
o Revenue.
o Markets.
Consumer Implications
• Evaluate the implications of implementing recommended best practices for consumers for
delivery, quality, affordability, and accessibility.
Provider Management
• Identify the challenges for managing providers within a fee-for-services versus a risk-based
contracting plan.
Additional Requirements
Your report must include the following requirements:
• Formatting: Use current APA standards for style and formatting.
• Number of Resources: Minimum of 3 peer-reviewed resources.
• Length: 4–6 double-spaced pages, not including title and reference page.
• Font and size: Times New Roman, 12-point.
• Communication: Write clearly and concisely, with well-organized communication that is
supported with relevant evidence. Use bullet points, phrases, tables or charts when applicable, to convey information succinctly.
Suggested Resources
Best Practices for Disease Management
This handbook provides guidelines and best practices for national health planning policies,
strategies and plans.
• World Health Organization. (2016). Strategizing national health in the 21st century: A
handbook. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/healthsystems/publications/nhpsp-handbook/en/
• Conklin, A., Nolte, E., & Vrijhoef, H. (2013). Approaches to chronic disease management
evaluation in use in Europe: A review of current methods and performance measures.
International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 29(1), 61–70.
• Roberts, D. A., Ng, M., Ikilezi, G., Gasasira, A., Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Fullman, N., . . . Gakidou,
E. (2015). Benchmarking health system performance across regions in Uganda: A systematic
analysis of levels and trends in key maternal and child health intervention, 1990–2011. BMC
Medicine, 13(285), 1–17.
Best Practice Implications
Canadian patient-advocacy organization.
• The Patient Factor. (n.d.). World Health Organization’s ranking of the world’s health systems.
Retrieved from http://thepatientfactor.com/canadian- health-care-information/world-healthorganizations-ranking-of-the-worlds-health-systems/
This article discusses political implications of health policy internationally
• Gómez, E. J., & Rugar, J. P. (2015). The global and domestic politics of health policy in
emerging nations. Journal of Health Politics, Policy, & Law, 40(1), 3–11. This article discusses
political implications of health policy internationally, which will be helpful for Competency 2.
This is the website for the national organization that represents and serves all types of hospitals,
health care networks, and their patients and communities. This organization spearheads disease
management and other initiatives and lobbies for hospitals across the U.S.
• American Hospital Association. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.aha.org/
Cost Benefit Analysis
Provides a step-by-step guide to cost-benefit-analysis with real-world examples.
• Mind Tools. (2018). Cost-benefit analysis: Deciding, quantitatively, whether to go ahead.
Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTED_08.htm
Suggested Resources for Further Exploration
• Muenning, P., & Su, C. (2013). Introducing global health: Practice, policy, and solutions. San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
o Chapter 5, “Health Systems,” pages 109–139.
o Chapter 6, “Social Policy and Global Health,” pages 143–168.
o Chapter 7, “A Closer Look at Three Political Economies: China, Kerala, and Chile,” pages 169–
191.
o Chapter 8, “Global Governance and Health,” pages 193–210.
• American College of Healthcare Executives. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.ache.org/
o This is the website for the international society of 40,000 heath care executives leading
hospitals, health care systems, and other health care organizations.