Required: Lab Experiment: Titration (Lab Report)
Follow the format:

• Purpose
• Background of the Experiment
• Requirements/Materials
• Preparation
• Steps for titration of HCl:
• Results
• Conclusion

Introduction
Sieve analysis is a method used to determine the grain size distribution of a soil by passing it through a series of sieves. This method is applicable for soils that are mostly granular with some or no fines. The particle size analysis for the fines portion is done using the hydrometer analysis method. The data from the sieve analysis are used to characterize the soil and can be used to reject or accept material for specific engineering applications. Sieve analysis does not provide information about the shape of the particles.
Table 1 – Soil quantity as per ASTM D1140
Objective

• Understand the grain size distribution analysis of soils.
  § Classify the coarse-grained portion of the soil
  § Obtain a distribution of the fine-grained portion of a soil.

Apparatus (Refer to Figure 1)
1. Stack of sieves.
2. Mechanical shaker.
3. Balance. The balance has to be sensitive up to 0.1 g. 4. Mortar and a rubber-tipped pestle.

5. Brush.

Procedure

1. Prepare the soil sample. The approximate minimum mass of sample is defined according to the nominal diameter of the largest particles of the soil (refer to Table 1).
2. Take the sample by spooning it randomly. Collect the sample by braking the soil sample into individual particles using a mortar and a rubber-tipped pestle.
3. Determine the mass M of the sample accurately to 0.1 g.
4. Assemble a stack of sieves (Figure 2, a). A sieve with larger openings is placed above a sieve

with smaller openings. Place a pan under the smallest sieve.

1. Place the set of sieves on a mechanical shaker.
2. Pour the soil sample prepared in step 2 into the stack of sieves from the top.
3. Cover the top of the stack of sieves.
4. Run the mechanical shaker for 10 minutes.
5. Stop the mechanical shaker and remove the stack of sieves.
6. Weigh the amount of soil retained on each sieve and in the bottom pan.
7. If a considerable amount of soil with silty and clayey fractions is retained on the No. 200 sieve, it

has to be washed. Washing is done by taking the No. 200 sieve with the soil retained on it and pouring water through the sieve from a tap in the laboratory. When the water passing through the sieve is clean, stop the flow of water. Transfer the soil retained on the sieve at the end of washing to a porcelain evaporating dish by back washing. Put it in the oven to dry to a constant weight. Determine the mass of the dry soil retained on the No. 200 sieve. The difference between this mass and that retained on the No. 200 sieve determined in step 10 is the mass of the soil that has washed through.
Calculations

1. Calculate the percent of soil retained on the n-th sieve,

(Mass retained, Mn) / (total mass, M [step 3]) × 100 = Rn

1. Calculate the cumulative percent of soil retained on the n-th sieve, ΣRn
2. Calculate the cumulative percent passing through the n-th sieve, Percent finer = 100 – ΣRn
3. If soil retained on the No. 200 sieve is washed, the dry unit weight determined after washing (step 11) should be used to calculate the percent finer than No. 200 sieve. The weight lost due to washing should also be added to the weight of the soil retained on the pan.
4. Make a semi-log plot of percent finer versus log of particle diameter (Figure 2, b).

6. Compute the coefficient of uniformity, Cu, and the coefficient of gradation, Cc. Cu = D60 / D10

Cc = D230 / (D10 × D60)
Where, D60 is the particle size in millimeter corresponding to 60% passing; D30 is the particle size in millimeter corresponding to 30% passing; D10 is the particle size in millimeter corresponding to 10% passing. The values can be obtained using the plot, see Figure 1 for reference.
Note: the mass loss during sieve analysis has to be smaller than 2%.
References
Das, M. “Soil Mechanics Laboratoyr Manual.” 2009 Oxford Press, NY, Seventh edition.

Objectives 
• To utilize acid-base and redox titrations to quantitate the amount of citric acid and
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in a powdered drink mix packet.
• To understand how stoichiometry allows for quantitation of an unknown quantity via
titration
• To learn to perform accurate and precise titrations
Introduction
Powdered drink mixes such as Kool-aid® consist primarily of citric acid which gives the drink
its characteristic tart flavor that balances the sweetness from the added sugar. In addition to citric
acid, the mix contains food dyes, preservatives such as calcium phosphate, artificial and natural
flavors, and Vitamin C. Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid. The ratio of citric acid to
ascorbic acid is approximately 100:1. In this experiment, titration techniques will be used to
quantitate the amounts of citric acid and ascorbic acid in a packet of powdered drink mix.

Instructions 
Read the attachments 
1. Introduction 
The objective of this document is to introduce the learning outcomes for ‘Specific Heat Capacity
Measurement and Calibration’ laboratory exercise and to provide guidance for the required
laboratory work and report.
The heat capacity is a physical quantity that can be measured as the ratio of the heat
added/removed from an object to an object’s temperature change caused by the energy change.
In industry, the heat capacity is one of the key components in design and optimisation of every
process and technology for materials physical or chemical treatment. The SI unit of heat capacity
is joule per Kelvin, [J K-1
]. Heat capacity is an extensive property of materials as it is a function of
the size of a sample. In practical calculation, for majority of experimental and theoretical
purposes, the use of the intensive properties is more convenient. Similarly, the SI unit of energy is
the joule, J [(kg m2
)/s2
]. In medical science, energy unit is calories. A calorie is defined as the
amount of energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C.
This gives 1 calorie equals to 4.184 joules.
When expressing the heat capacity as an intensive property, the physical quantity is divided by the
amount of substance, mass, or volume, which makes the quantity independent of the size of the
sample. The molar heat capacity is the heat capacity per unit amount (mole) of a pure substance
and the specific heat capacity (Cp), known as specific heat, is the heat capacity per unit mass of a
matter. The SI unit of specific heat capacity is [kJ/(kg K)]. Cp is generally a temperature dependant
function. However within a good approximation it can be taken as a constant over a moderate
temperature range for a pure single phase materials. The Cp has been measured and tabulated for
the wide range of liquids and solids. These tables are widely available online and in the specialised
book in the University Library [Domalski, E.S. (1984), Furukawa, G.T. (1968), Jiang, Q. W. (2011)].
Calorimetry can be characterised as the analytical technique aims to measure the quantities of
heat released or absorbed by a system during, as example, a chemical reaction.
The amount of heat that flows in or out of a system depends on:
 the quantity of matter in the system,
 the nature of that matter,
 a system temperature change as it absorbs or releases heat.
Calorimetry is performed with a device called calorimeter that provides good heat insulation of
internal volume from its surroundings and a possibility to measure an internal volume
temperature changes in order to determine specific heats of a material located in the internal
volume.
Specific heat determination (calorimetry) approach was developed with account of the
thermodynamic laws.
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that, “If two samples at different temperatures
(indicated as THot and TCool) are placed in direct physical contact, heat will be lost by the hotter
sample THot and gained by the cooler one TCool. This heat exchange will continue until the moment
of both samples achieved the same final temperature, TFinal”.
On the other hand, the First Law of Thermodynamics states that, “During heat exchange heat is
neither created nor destroyed.” Thus calorimetry investigation employs the fact that heat lost by
one part of the system equals to the heat obtained by other part of the system if the system is
thermo insulated.
Calorimetry experiment can be either performed using constant pressure or a constant volume
method. The constant volume approach is traditionally used for measuring the heat of
combustion and is done with a bomb-type (constant-volume) calorimeter. In the Laboratory, you
will use the constant pressure (isobaric) calorimetry to determine Cp of different samples.