Pulse Rate Experiment

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Lab Report Format and Expectations

Use the following guidelines when writing a formal lab report for SCI 200.
In general:  We expect correct spelling, punctuation, and grammar; appropriate internal citations and bibliography must also be included.  A paragraph consists of 5-6 complete sentences and is cohesive and coherent.  Each section of the lab report should be labeled with the appropriate heading (Introduction, Procedures, etc.).  The lab report should be in past tense (with one exception, which will be noted below).  Use 12 point font, double space, and 1 inch margins.
Introduction:  What did you do in this experiment, and why?  You should have a hypothesis, and it MUST be stated.  It may be provided at the start or the end of this section.  Give the background information that an intelligent but uninformed reader would need to understand why you are testing this hypothesis.  This section should be at least two paragraphs.  Don’t forget internal citations – most of your background information will be from somewhere else (lab handout, Dr. Peterson’s lecture, etc.)  If ALL of the information in a paragraph is from the same source, then one citation at the end of the paragraph is sufficient.
Procedures:  In this section, write in your own words what you did.  You will still need to cite the lab handout.  Do so at the end of each paragraph.  You may have more than one paragraph depending upon the experiment.  If you use information from another source, be sure to cite it as well.  Explain what your dependent and independent variables are, as well as what the control is – all of this is part of your experimental set up.  Be careful NOT to include any data or observations; that belongs in the next section.
Results:  This section should be clear and organized.  Data should be presented in a format that is understandable to the reader.  This may be a chart, a graph, or a table – it will depend upon the nature of the data collected.  Depending upon the particular lab, you may have your individual results as well as the class results as a whole.  Refer your reader to the table, chart, or graph, and make sure it is well-labeled.  Include samples of any calculations you did.  You might also have some observations that you wish to describe; these might be in a table, or you may wish to report them in paragraph format.  Summarize the main results that you present in the table (“growth was observed under condition x and not under condition y”).  Do NOT interpret your data or speculate on what it means in this section; that is what the discussion is for.
Discussion:  Remind your reader of your hypothesis, and discuss whether or not the results you obtained support or refute your hypothesis.  Now interpret your data.  What do you think it means?  Remember, it’s not wrong or bad if your results don’t support your hypothesis; you just need to explain WHY you think you got the results you did.  If your results support your hypothesis, what else could you do to test your hypothesis?  If they don’t support your hypothesis, what hypothesis might be appropriate?  The next two questions should be in future tense: How might you improve the experiment or address any problems you encountered?  In either case, what further experiments would you like to pursue?  The discussion overall should be at least two paragraphs.

Soil Compaction Test (Lab Report)

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1. COMPACTION TEST
1.1 Objective
To obtain the moisture content-dry density relationship for a soil and hence to determine
its maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC).
1.2 Introduction
Soil compaction is an economical method of soil improvement, and it is often used to
make ground suitable for the foundations of roads and buildings. It is also used in the
placing of soil fills and in the construction of earth dams to ensure suitable soil
properties. The compaction is normally achieved through the input of energy into the soil
by impact, kneading, vibration or static means.
The extent of compaction depends on the moisture content of the soil and the compactive
effort used. In a compaction test the object is to determine the optimum moisture content
and maximum dry density achievable with a given compactive effort. A plot of dry
density versus moisture content (Figure 1) indicates that compaction becomes more
efficient up to a certain moisture content, after which the efficiency decreases. The
maximum dry density is obtained at this optimum moisture content. If the compaction
process were completely efficient, it would be possible to expel the air from the voids, in
which case the dry density would correspond to a zero-air voids state (i.e. the sample
would be saturated with water). Since perfect compaction is not possible (except at high
moisture contents) the compaction curve will always fall below the ideal or zero-air voids
curve (Figure 1).
It should be noted that there are a number of standards for compaction tests, each
differing in the amount of energy input into compaction. For a given soil the different
tests will produce different maximum densities and optimum moisture contents (i.e. these
parameters are NOT soil properties). The maximum dry density and optimum moisture
content are only relevant for a specified compaction procedure which should be stated
when presenting the results.
In earthworks it is common to specify a dry density within a certain percentage of the
maximum determined from a specified compaction test. For this to be a sensible
procedure it is important that the compactive effort used in the laboratory is comparable
to that supplied by the field equipment.
1.3 Procedure
Record results of this test in Datasheet No 12 (attached).
1. Measure the mass of the mould (M1).
2. Take about 2.5 kg of the soil provided and make sure that it will pass through a No. 4
sieve. The demonstrator may require one group will carry out the Standard Proctor
Compaction test and the other group to carry out the Modified Proctor Compaction
test.
3. In the Standard Proctor test, the soil sample should be mixed with water and placed in
the standard mould provided in 3 approximately equal layers. Each layer is to be
compacted with 25 blows from a 2.5 kg compaction hammer.
4. In the Modified Proctor test, the soil should be compacted in the mould in
approximately 5 equal layers, each layer compacted with 25 blows from the 4.5 kg
hammer.
5. When the mould is full the soil sample should be trimmed and weighed (M2)
6. Determine the moisture content of the compacted soil. Weigh a glass or plastic
dish/can, then place a small amount of the soil into the dish/can and weigh again.
Record these in Datasheet 12.
7. Microwave the soil sample for about 2 minutes until the moisture is completely dried
out. If the soil is still moist, microwave for another 2 minutes to ensure that the
moisture is completely dry. Weigh the dish/can and dry soil record in Datasheet 12.
Compute the moisture content of the compacted soil.
8. Take at least two moisture content readings and the average of the results.
9. The volume of the mould is 1000 cm3
. Compute the bulk density of the compacted
sample.
10. Using the results in 9 and moisture content in 8, calculate the dry density of the
compacted soil.
11. Calculate the dry density at zero and 5% air voids and complete the results in
Datasheet 12. Assume that the specific gravity of the soil particles, Gs is 2.65.
Note:
12. Repeat steps 2 to 11 for a total of at least 4 levels of moisture content.
13. Plot the dry density versus moisture content for the Standard and Modified Proctor
tests. Also plot the zero and 5% air void lines on the same plot.
1.4 Reporting of Results
1. Complete the results of testing in Datasheet No 12.
2. Plot the dry density versus moisture content for the Standard and Modified Proctor
tests. Also plot the zero and 5% air void lines on the same plot. Assume Gs = 2.65.
3. Determine the maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC)
of the soil.
4. From the plots of the air void lines, estimate the amount of air voids at maximum dry
density.
5. Students MUST complete Tasks 1-4 above and present these to the demonstrator
before leaving the lab class.
6. A type-written report is to be submitted within one week of the practical class. The
report should be concise and include the following:
a) Objectives of experiment
b) Completed Datasheet No 12 and the results from 1-4 above
c) A description of the soil
d) A brief comment on the effects of increasing compactive effort on the MDD and
OMC of a soil.

Measurement of Young’s Modulus (Lab Report)

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Measurement of Young’s Modulus (Lab Report)
Lab Report Format

  • Background
  • Objectives Summary
  • Materials
  • Procedure
  • Results
  • Discussion

Astronomy Lab Report

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Lab Report: Title of experiment, Date, Your Name (including partner’s name) The objective of the
experiment, Theory (In brief), Formulas, Apparatus & Diagram Data acquisition (original data
must be taken on your data table) Analysis (calculations, graph, percent error, etc.) find graph
examAnswer to question if any in the manual. Your report should be typed, the computer should
be used for a graph if needed, clean & clear writing Always use proper units

Investigating Unknown Resistance (R) in a Cell (Lab report)

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Required 
Write a lab report for an investigation of unknown value of resistance (1,200 words). Show your workings. Use the data provided and the lab guide to get more information.

Tensile Test of Metal Specimen

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Tensile Test of Metal Specimen Required

  • Introduction
  • Objective of the Experiment
  • Procedure
  • Results
  • Discussion

Word count should be between 1,050 and 1,150. MLA style.

Measurement of Torque Experiment (Lab Report)

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Measurement of Torque Experiment (Lab Report)
Required:

  • Purpose
  • Introduction
  • Materials
  • Procedure
  • Results
  • Discussion

Series and Parallel Circuits(Lab Report)

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This is a lab report for Physics class. The most important thing of this lab is the format of the
report:
Abstract,
Introduction,
Apparatus,
Procedure,
Data,
Calculations and Graphs,
Discussion of Results and Error Analysis, and
Conclusion.

Tensil Test Experiment (Lab Report)

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Introduction and Theory:
Mechanical properties required in both the design and in the manufacturing.
• In design, mechanical properties such as elastic modulus and yield strength are important
in order to resist permanent deformation under applied stresses. Thus, the focus is on the
elastic properties.
• In manufacturing, the goal is to apply stresses that exceed the yield strength of the
material so as to deform it to the required shape. Thus, the focus is on the plastic
properties
Tensile testing:
• An axial force applied to a specimen of original length (Lo) elongates it, resulting in a
reduction in the cross-sectional area from Ao to A until fracture occurs.
• The load and change in length between two fixed points (gauge length) is recorded and
used to determine the stress-strain relationship.
• A similar procedure can be adopted with a sheet specimen.
Universal tensile mashine:
Also known as a universal tester, materials testing machine or materials test frame, is used
to test the tensile strength and compressive strength of materials. It is named after the fact that it
can perform many standard tensile and compression tests on materials, components, and
structures.
Tensile testing procedure:
• In order to conduct a tensile test, the proper specimen must be obtained. This specimen
should conform to ASTM standards for size and features. Prior to the test, the crosssectional
area may be calculated and a pre-determined gage length marked.
• The specimen is then loaded into a machine set up for tensile loads and placed in the
proper grippers. Once loaded, the machine can then be used to apply a steady, continuous
tensile load.
• Data is collected at pre-determined points or increments during the test. Depending on the
material and specimen being tested, data points may be more or less frequent. Data
include the applied load and change in gage length. The load is generally read from the
machine panel in pounds or kilograms.
• The change in gage length is determined using an extensometer. An extensometer is
firmly fixed to the machine or specimen and relates the amount of deformation or
deflection over the gage length during a test.
• While paying close attention to the readings, data points are collected (force and the
change in length) until the material starts to yield significantly. This can be seen when
deformation continues without having to increase the applied load. Once this begins, the
extensometer is removed and loading continued until failure. Ultimate tensile strength
and rupture strength can be calculated from this latter loading.
• Once data have been collected, the tensile stress developed and the resultant strain can be
calculated. Stress is calculated based on the applied load and cross-sectional area. Strain
is the change in length divided by the original length.
• Upon completion of the test, the sample is reassembled and final measurements for total
elongation and minimum diameter are made using a vernier caliper.
Discussion:
1- Plot stress strain curve of material A and material B. Specify which material has yield point
phenomenon and which one is without yield point and use 0.2% offset line to find the yield point
2- Find the following:
2.1-Yield strength of material A:
2.2- Yield strength of material B:
2.3- Elastic Modulus of material A and B:
2.4- Ultimate tensile strength of material A and B:
3- Calculate the maximum load and elongation if the original diameter and length are 9.11 mm
and 50.8 mm respectively:
4- Discuss the possible errors in this test. Explain what can be done to reduce and control the
error.

Archimedes Principle: Lap Report

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Archimedes Principle
Outline

  • Introduction
  • Materials
  • Procedure
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Conclusion